The proton and neutron are thus not elementary particles because they consist of smaller, constituent quarks. A proton contains two up quarks and a down quark, while a neutron is one up quark and two down quarks. The familiar proton, neutron, and electron are subatomic particles composed of first generation quarks and leptons. Ordinary matter is made of particles in the first and lightest of the three generations. Hence, the six leptons are the electron and electron neutrino, the muon and muon neutrino, and the tau and tau neutrino. The lepton doublets contain an electrically charged particle, such as the electron, and its partner in the doublet that has no electric charge, which is a neutrino.
The quarks are called (up, down), (charm, strange), and (top, bottom), with the latter two sometimes described more poetically as truth and beauty. The six particles are arranged as doublets in three generations, also called ‘flavors’ quarks and leptons both have this arrangement. There are six types of quarks and six types of leptons that are currently known (henceforth, descriptions will not be qualified with the fact that future discoveries may modify the present understanding). The current theory of fundamental, elementary particles and their interactions is known as the ‘Standard Model.’ In this theory, the fundamental constituents of matter are spin-1/2 particles known as fermions and they come in two classes: quarks and leptons. To begin exploring the topic of geoneutrino detection, it is useful to start with a primer on neutrinos. Chen, in Treatise on Geochemistry (Second Edition), 2014 15.24.2.1 Neutrinos in the Standard Model
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